- NATO has given the name «SS-18" Satan "(« Satan ") family of Russian missile systems with a heavy intercontinental ballistic missile ground-based, developed and adopted for service in the 1970s - 1980s. According to official Russian classification - is P 36M, P-36M UTTKh, R-36M2, RS-20. A "Satan" Americans called the missile for the reason that it is difficult to bring down, and the vast territories of the United States and Western Europe, these Russian rocket work hell.
SS-18 " Satan "was created under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin. According to its characteristics, this missile is superior to the most powerful American raetu "Minuteman-3." "Satan" - the most powerful intercontinental ballistic missile in the world. It is intended primarily to destroy the most hardened command centers, mines and ballistic missiles aviobazy. Nuclear explosive one missile can destroy a large city, a very large part of the United States. Accuracy rate - about 200-250 meters. "The missile is located in the most durable in the world mine"; according to initial reports - 2500-4500 psi, some mines - 6000-7000 psi. This means that if there is no direct exposure to the American nuclear explosives to the mine, the rocket will withstand a powerful punch, the door opens and "Satan" will take off from the ground and will rush towards the United States, where half an hour later the Americans want hell. And these missiles will be borne by the United States dozens. And each missile ten independently targetable warheads. Power warheads is 1200 bombs dropped on Hiroshima by the Americans, One rocket hit "Satan" can destroy objects United States and Western Europe in the area up to 500 square meters. kilometers. And these missiles will fly in the direction of the United States dozens. This full kaput for Americans. "Satan" is easy to hit the American missile defense system. She was immune to the 80s and continues to be terrible for the Americans and now. Create a reliable protection against Russian "Satan" Americans will not be able to 2015-2020,. But even more frightening Americans that Russian began to develop even more satanic missiles. - "SS-18 carries 16 platforms, one of which is loaded with decoys. Going into a high orbit all heads "Satan" are "in the cloud" decoys and practically can not be identified by radar. "
- But, even if the Americans will see their "Satan" in the final segment of the trajectory, the head "of Satan" substantially vulnerable to missile defense funds for to destroy "Satan" is only necessary a direct hit to the head of a very powerful missile (a missile with such characteristics Americans have no ). "So that this defeat is very difficult and almost impossible with the level of American technology coming decades. As for the famous laser weapons heads, then the SS-18, they are covered with massive armor with the addition of uranium-238, the metal exceptionally heavy and dense. This armor can not be "burnt through" laser. Anyway, those lasers which can be built in the next 30 years. Can not bring down the flight control system SS-18 and its head pulses of electromagnetic radiation, for all control systems "Satan" are duplicated in addition to electronic, pneumatic guns »
- By the middle of 1988 from underground mines of the USSR was ready to fly in the direction of the United States and Western Europe 308 intercontinental ballistic missiles, "Satan." "From that existed in the Soviet Union while 308 silos, Russia accounted for 157 remaining were in the Ukraine and Belarus." Each rocket 10 warheads. Power warheads is 1200 bombs dropped on Hiroshima by the Americans, One rocket hit "Satan" can destroy objects United States and Western Europe in the area up to 500 square meters. kilometers. And these missiles will fly in the direction of the United States, if necessary, three hundred. This full kaput for Americans and Western Europeans.
- Development of a strategic missile system R-36M with a heavy intercontinental ballistic missile, and the third generation 15A14 silos increased vulnerability of 15P714 led CB "South." The new missile was used all the best practices derived for the previous complex - R-36.
applied in the creation of rocket engineering solutions helped to create the most powerful in the world of combat missile system.He is far superior and its predecessor - the R-36:
for precision shooting - 3 times.
terms of combat readiness - 4 times.
missiles on energy opportunities - in 1,4 times.
at the original warranty period - by 1.4 times.
for security of the launcher - 15-30 times.
regarding utilization volume launcher - 2.4 times.
two-stage rocket R-36M was performed on a "tandem" with a serial arrangement of steps. To optimize use of the volume of missiles were excluded dry compartments, except the second stage interstage adapter. The applied design solutions helped increase fuel capacity by 11% while maintaining the diameter and reducing the total length of the first two stages of the rocket by 400 mm compared with the missile 8K67.
At the first stage propulsion system applied RD-264, consisting of four working on a closed circuit of single-chamber engine 15D117 developed KBEM (chief designer - Glushko). Engines mounted pivotally and their deviation Command control system provides control of the flight of the rocket.
used in the second stage propulsion system, which consists of working on a closed circuit of the main single-chamber engine 15D7E (RD-0229) and Four-chamber steering engine 15D83 (RD-0230), working on open circuit.
LRE rocket worked in a high-boiling two-component hypergolic fuel. As fuel used unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), as an oxidant - dinitrogen tetraoxide (AT).
separation of the first and second stages of the gas-dynamic. It permits operation of the explosive bolts and the expiration gas pressurization of fuel tanks through a special window.
Due to advanced fluid system with full ampulizatsiey rocket fuel systems after refueling and prevent leakage of compressed gases on board the missile managed to increase the time spent in full combat readiness to 10-15 years the potential for exploitation of up to 25 years.
Schematics missiles and control systems are designed based on the conditions of the possibility of using three selections MS:
Easy one-piece with a charge capacity of 8 Mt and flight range of 16,000 km;
Heavy one-piece with a charge capacity of 25 Mt and flight range of 11,200 km,
Split apart warhead (MIRV) warhead of 8 with a capacity of 1 Mt;
All head of the rocket equipped with an advanced set of tools to overcome missile defense. For complex means to overcome missile defense 15A14 were first created kvazityazhelye decoys. Through the use of special solid engine acceleration, progressively increasing traction force which compensates for aerodynamic braking decoy, succeeded simulate the characteristics of warheads in almost all featured on a selecting exoatmospheric portion of the trajectory and a large part of the atmospheric pressure.
One of the technical innovations that are largely determined by the high level of performance new missile system was the use of mortar rocket launch from transport and launch container (TLC). For the first time in world practice was developed and implemented mortar scheme for heavy liquid ICBM. At the start of the pressure generated by Pressure Accumulators, pushes a rocket from TPK and only after leaving the mine to start the engine of the rocket.
rocket placed at the factory in the transport and launch container, transported and installed in the silo launcher (MSE) in nezapravlennom condition. Filling rocket propellants and attach occurs warhead made after installation TPK with a missile in the silo. Check on-board systems, and preparing to launch rocket is launched automatically after receiving a control system appropriate commands from a remote command center. To prevent unauthorized launch control system be carried out only team with a certain key code. The application of this algorithm was made possible by the introduction of all the command posts Strategic Missile new system of centralized control. - Missile control system - an autonomous, inertial, three-channel with multi-mazhoritirovaniem. Each channel of the Self-Test.When teams do not match all three channels of control took the successfully tested channel. Onboard cable network (BCS) was considered absolutely reliable in the tests is not defective.
Acceleration gyroplatform (15L555) carried guns forced acceleration (PRA) digital terrestrial equipment (TsNA), and in the early stages of work - software devices gyroplatform Acceleration Programme (SCP). On-board digital computer (FDC) (15L579) 16-bit, ROM - cube memory. Programming was done in machine code.
Developer control systems (including FDC) - Design Bureau electrical instrument (BEC, now of "Hartron", Kharkiv), onboard computer produced Kiev Radio Factory, standard management system produced in factories Shevchenko and "Communar" (Kharkov ). - Development of a strategic missile complex third-generation P-36M UTTKh (GRAU - 15P018 Code START - RS-20B, on the classification of Defense United States and NATO - SS-18 Mod.4) with rocket 15A18, equipped with a 10-block reentry part began August 16, 1976.
missile system was created as a result of the implementation of programs to improve and enhance the combat effectiveness of the previously developed complex 15P014 (R-36M). The complex provides defeat one rocket up to 10 targets, including small-sized high-or very large area targets, located on the ground area of 300,000 square kilometers, in the conditions of effective missile defenses to counter the enemy. Improving the efficiency of the new complex was achieved by:
improving the accuracy of shooting 2-3 times
increase in the number of warheads (BB) and the power of their charges,
to increase the area of separation BB;
application hardened silo launcher and command post,
increase the likelihood of bringing the Run to the silo.
layout scheme similar to the scheme missiles 15A18 15A14. This two-stage missile with a tandem arrangement of steps. As part of the new rocket without modification used the first and second stage of the rocket 15A14. First-stage engine - Four-chamber RD-264 closed circuit. In the second stage uses a single-chamber marching RD-0229 closed circuit and steering Four-chamber RD-0257 open circuit. Separation steps and the separation stage combat - gasdynamic.
main difference between the new rocket lay in the newly developed stage of breeding and HSR with ten new high-speed units, with increased power charges. Engine breeding stage - Four-chamber, dual-mode (draft 2000 kgs and 800 kgs) with multiple (up to 25 times) by switching between modes. This allows you to create the best possible conditions for the breeding of all combat units. Another design feature of this engine - two fixed positions of the combustion chambers. In flight, they are located within the breeding stage, but after the separation stage of the rocket special mechanisms output of the combustion chamber for the outer contour of the cover and deploy them for the implementation of the "pulling" breeding scheme warheads. HSR itself is made by a single bunk scheme aerodynamic fairing. Were also increased the amount of memory on-board computer and modernized management system, to improve the algorithms. In this case, accuracy was improved by 2.5 times, and the time of launch readiness was reduced to 62 seconds.
Rocket R-36M UTTKh in transport and launch container (TLC) is installed in silos and is on duty in the Wet in full combat readiness. To download the WPK in mine construction in SKB MAZ developed a special transport and mounting equipment in the form of a semi-trailer to the towing vehicle with high cross on the MAZ-537. Mortar used method of launching rockets.
flight tests of the R-36M UTTKh began October 31, 1977 at the site of Baikonur. According to the flight test program conducted 19 starts, 2 of them failed. The reasons for these failures were identified and eliminated, the effectiveness of the measures was confirmed by subsequent starts. A total of 62 start-up, 56 of them - successful.
September 18, 1979 three missile regiment embarked on alert duty at the new missile system. By 1987, there were 308 deployed ICBMs R-36M UTTKh of five missile divisions. As of May 2006, the Strategic Rocket Forces included 74 silo launchers of ICBMs with R-36M UTTKh and R-36M2 equipped with 10 warheads each.
High reliability of the system is confirmed 159 starts as of September 2000, of which only four were unsuccessful. This failure to start serial production due to manufacturing defects.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic crisis of the early 1990s there was a question about the extension of the life of P-36M UTTKh to replace them with new complexes developed in Russia. To do this, April 17, 1997 conducted a successful launch of R-36M UTTKh made 19.5 years ago. NGO "South" and the 4th Central Scientific Research Institute conducted the work to increase the warranty period missiles with 10 years consecutively to 15, 18 and 20 years. April 15, 1998 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome was made a training launch of R-36M UTTKh in which ten training warheads hit all the learning objectives on the Kura test site in Kamchatka.
was also a joint Russian-Ukrainian venture to develop and further the commercial use of the rocket Booster light class "Dnepr" on the basis of R-36M missiles UTTKh and R-36M2 - August 9, 1983 the Council of Ministers of the USSR KB "South" was tasked to finalize missile R-36M UTTKh that it can overcome the prospective system of the American missile defense (BMD). In addition it was necessary to increase the security of the rocket and the whole complex from the damaging effects of nuclear explosions.
View of the instrument compartment (stage dilution) 15A18M from the head. Visible elements of the engine dilutions (aluminum color - tanks of fuel and oxidizer, green - ball cylinders displacement delivery system), appliances control system (brown and aqua).
top end of the first stage 15A18M. Right - undock the second step, you can see one of the nozzles of the steering motor.
Missile fourth generation R-36M2 "Voivode" (GRAU - 15P018M Code START - RS-20V on the classification of Defense United States and NATO - SS-18 Mod.5 / Mod.6) with a multi-purpose heavy ICBM class 15A18M designed to engage all types of targets protected by modern means of defense, in all conditions of combat employment, including by repeated exposure to nuclear positioning area. Its application allows to implement a strategy of assured retaliation.
As a result, use of the latest technological solutions, energy capabilities 15A18M increased by 12% compared with the rocket 15A18. In this case, all the conditions of the restrictions on the size and weight of the starting imposed SALT-2 Treaty. Missiles of this type are the most powerful of all intercontinental ballistic missiles. The technological level of the complex has no analogues in the world. In missile system used active defense silo launcher of nuclear warheads and precision conventional weapons, as well as the country's first non-nuclear intercept low-altitude implemented high-speed ballistic targets.
Compared with the prior art, in a new complex managed to improve many characteristics:
improving the accuracy of 1, 3 times,
3 times increase in the duration of autonomy;
decrease 2 times time alert.
increase the area of the zone breeding warheads 2.3 times;
application charges increased power (10 MIRV independently targeted capacity of 550 to 750 kilotons each, for a total throw- weight - 8800 kg [2]),
the possibility of start-up mode, constant readiness for one of the planned target designation, as well as operational and retargeting start on any unplanned target designation, passed from senior management,
to ensure a high combat effectiveness in particularly difficult conditions of combat use in develop a set of R-36M2 "Voivode" focused on the following areas:
improving the security and survivability of silo and KP;
sustainability command and control in all conditions of use of the complex;
longer battery industry;
increase the warranty period,
providing resistance missiles in flight to the damaging factors ground-based and high-altitude nuclear explosions
extension operational capabilities to retargeting missiles.
One of the main advantages of the new complex is the ability to provide missile launches in a retaliatory strike when exposed to ground and high-altitude nuclear explosions. This is achieved by increasing the survivability of missiles in silos and significantly increase the resistance of the rocket in flight to the effects of a nuclear explosion. The missile body is a multifunctional coating, introduced protection equipment management system of gamma radiation, 2 times improved performance of executive bodies of the machine stabilization control system, the separation of the nose cone is made after leaving the area of high-rise block of nuclear explosions, engines of the first and second stages of the rocket boosted by traction.
As a result, the radius of the affected area blocking a rocket of a nuclear explosion, as compared with the rocket 15A18 is reduced by 20 times, resistance to X-rays increased by 10 times, the gamma-neutron radiation - 100 times. Provided resistance to the effects of the rocket dust formations and large soil particles present in the cloud at ground nuclear explosion.
built silos for missiles with ultra protection from the damaging factors of nuclear explosion by conversion silo missiles 15A14 and 15A18. Completed levels of resistance to missile effects of a nuclear explosion ensure its successful launch of unaffected after a nuclear explosion directly on PU and without reducing alertness when exposed to neighboring PU.
missile carried by a two-stage scheme with a serial arrangement of steps. The rocket used similar schemes start, stage separation, separation of MS, raising elements of the combat equipment, which showed a high level of technical excellence and reliability as part of the missile 15A18.
As part of the propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket consists of four hinged single-chamber rocket engine having a turbopump fuel feed system and performed in a closed circuit.
The composition of the propulsion system of the second stage consists of two engines: marching single-chamber RD-0255 with turbopump feed fuel components made in a closed circuit and the steering of the RD-0257, Four-chamber, open circuits, previously ispolzovshiysya rocket 15A18. Engines operate at all levels of high-boiling liquid propellants UDMH + AT, steps fully ampulizirovany.
Control System designed on the basis of two high-CEC (airborne and ground) and a new generation of continuously running while patrolling precision complex command devices.
missiles designed for a new nosecone providing protection for the head part from the damaging effects of nuclear explosions.Tactical and technical requirements include the provision of missile warheads four types:
two-piece MS - "heavy" and "light" BB;
MIRV ten unmanageable BB capacity of 0.8 Mt;
MIRV Mixed assembly of six unmanaged and managed four big blinds with the system homing on a map.
As part of warheads created highly missile defense penetration ("heavy" and "light" decoys, chaff) that are placed in special cassettes used with insulating covers BB.
flight tests of complex R-36M2 began on Baikonur in 1986 first launch on March 21 ended on emergency due to an error in the control system does not start the first stage propulsion system. Rocket came out of the WPK, fell down in the mine shaft, its explosion completely destroyed the launcher. There were no casualties. [3]
The first missile regiment with ICBM R-36M2 stood on alert July 30, 1988 August 11, 1988 missile system into service. Flight tests of the new fourth-generation intercontinental ballistic missile R-36M2 (15A18M - "Voivod") with all kinds of combat equipment were completed in September 1989. As of May 2006, the Strategic Rocket Forces included 74 silo launchers of ICBMs with R-36M UTTKh and R-36M2 equipped with 10 warheads each.
Dec. 21, 2006 in 11 hours and 20 minutes Moscow time was made combat-start the PC-20B . According to the Head of Communications and Public Relations of the Strategic Missile Forces Colonel Alexander Vovk, combat-capable units missiles launched from the Orenburg region (Ural region), with a given accuracy conditional hit targets at the Kura test site of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Pacific Ocean. The first stage fell into the zone Vagayskogo, Vikulovskaya and Sorokinsky Tyumen Oblast. It separated at an altitude of 90 kilometers, the remaining fuel burned during the fall to the ground. Start-up was in the framework of development work "charge." Launches gave an affirmative answer to the question about the possibility of exploitation of the complex R-36M2 for 20 years.
Dec. 24, 2009 in 9 hours 30 minutes Moscow time was promoted launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile RS-20V ("Voivod"), the press secretary of the the press service of the Defense Ministry and the information on the Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel Vadim Koval: "Twenty-fourth December 2009, 9:30 MSK Strategic Rocket Forces conducted launch of GMD compound deployed in the Orenburg region," - said Koval. According to him, starting held as part of development work in order to confirm the performance characteristics missile RS-20V and extend the life of the missile complex "Voivod" up to 23 years. - I personally sleep peacefully when I know that such weapons guarding our peace ..............
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